Medical Management of Thyroid-associated Ophthalmopathy
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Catherine J. Hwang, MD
Dr. Catherine Hwang is an orbital and oculofacial surgery fellow at the University of California, Los Angeles, and works with Drs. Robert Goldberg, Raymond Douglas and Norman Shorr.
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Raymond S. Douglas, MD, PhD
Dr. Raymond S. Douglas is associate professor of ophthalmology at the University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine in the Department of Ophthalmology.
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Drs. Hwang and Douglas state that they have no financial relationship with the manufacturer of any product discussed in this article or with the manufacturer of any competing product. Graves disease is a multisystem autoimmune disease targeting the thyroid, orbit and skin. Clinically detectable thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) occurs in approximately 10 to 45 percent of patients with Graves disease1 with manifestations ranging from mild ocular surface disease to severe proptosis and optic neuropathy. In this article, we will review the current medical treatments available for TAO in addition to new immunomodulatory agents that target specific mediators in the pathogenesis of the disease. View Full Text
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